Sandbox & Security

Audit baseline 0.1.5-alpha.1 @ 5dda764ed3.

Upstream notice (source 0.1.5-alpha.1): the project has not been security-audited. Approval, permission presets, and sandbox mechanisms are not a containment guarantee. Use disposable environments without sensitive data, especially with full-access profiles.

One-liner: DSH's security philosophy is "default not trusted, deny on failure": commands are wrapped in a sandbox (ctx.sandbox.confine), and the process and all its children run under restrictions; with no usable backend it throws SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE — never runs bare.

This page clarifies DSH's process-level boundary: what it can limit, what it cannot, how it behaves on failure, and how it works with permission presets / approval policies.

1. Capability seam: definition separate from implementation

@deepseek-ai/dsh-sandbox is the capability seam (Service Definition) of the sandbox: it holds only the ctx.sandbox service contract + the shared confinement vocabulary, with only cordis (plus the error base class) as dependencies — it never depends on any backend. This is one example of a [capability-seam] split: definition and implementation are transparently decoupled to any consumer.

definition   dsh-sandbox        ctx.sandbox.confine(...) + vocabulary(SandboxMode/Policy/…)
implementation dsh-sandbox-local  Linux bwrap/Landlock · macOS Seatbelt · Windows via the ACL runner
               dsh-sandbox-windows-acl  Windows restricted-token runner (write-SID allowlist)
consumer     dsh-bash-sandbox / dsh-pwsh-sandbox / dsh-fs-sandbox   wrap argv or add a file fence

Swapping the sandbox implementation = swapping the provider; consumer code (bash tools, etc.) is unchanged.

2. Core contract: confine

The contract in a sentence:

ctx.sandbox.confine(argv, policy) returns argv that should replace your original argv: wrapped so that the process and every process it spawns run under restrictions: plus the chosen backend's enforcement completeness, the denial dialect (denialSignatures), and structured runner-failure evidence (runnerFailureRules); with no usable backend it throws rather than passing argv through unconfined.

const confined = ctx.sandbox.confine(['bash', '-c', command], policy)
runArgv(spec, confined.argv)   // real consumers like dsh-bash-sandbox do this

The shape of ConfinedArgv:

{
  argv: string[],                    // the argv to spawn (wrapped)
  enforcement: SandboxEnforcement,   // full | partial
  denialSignatures: ...,             // the stderr dialect a sandbox "denial" produces
  runnerFailureRules: ...,           // evidence rules for "runner/command failure"
}

Key: it returns an object, not an argv array itself: the consumer takes .argv, and can use denialSignatures / runnerFailureRules to distinguish the two classes of failure:

• sandbox denial: stderr dialect (EROFS / EACCES / EPERM, etc.)
• runner / command failure: exit code + stderr rules

3. Restriction vocabulary

Type	Values / meaning
SandboxMode	read-only / workspace-write / danger-full-access (filesystem effects only)
SandboxEnforcement	full / partial (per kernel ABI; Windows ACL and older Landlock ABIs are partial)
SandboxPolicy	the restricted subset (confined)
SandboxExecutionPolicy	the full per-call mode + workspace root
ctx.sandboxPolicy	the owner that resolves mode+workspaceRoot per call (default read-only, fail-safe)
Errors	SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE (could not execute the requested mode)

SandboxMode covers only filesystem effects: there is no network, process, syscall, device, or credential limiting in the vocabulary. That is its security boundary, and also what it cannot do.

4. Backend implementations and prerequisites

Platform	Backend	Prerequisite
Linux	bwrap (bubblewrap) or the Landlock launcher	install bubblewrap or run a Landlock-enforcing kernel
macOS	sandbox-exec (Seatbelt)	already deprecated by Apple, seams remain usable
Windows	@deepseek-ai/dsh-sandbox-windows-acl restricted-token runner (write-SID allowlist)	the runner can start; enforcement is always partial

Containers / microVMs / remote executors are not backends of this seam: they are providers that replace ctx.shell/ctx.fs wholesale (as an "environment-consistent group"), not providers added to the sandbox. Getting into Docker or a remote machine is a matter of replacing the capability implementation, not adding a backend to confine.

"Same world" limit (explicit in source)

Sandbox backends share the host's filesystem and kernel (bwrap / Landlock / Seatbelt). workspaceRoot names a real host directory of the filesystem norm. Workspace identity is resolved before lexical normalization: so a legitimate cwd containing symlink/.. authorizes the directory chdir actually lands in, not an unrelated lexical parent.

5. Policy rides the call, not the provider

Policy belongs to the call, not the provider:

• two consumers can impose limits under different policies simultaneously: bash uses read-only while a restricted subagent keeps its state directory writable
• an approved escalation retry = a new call issued with a wider policy
• one context, one provider: to combine different sandbox mechanisms you need a provider-level ladder or a separate Cordis context; callers pick policy per call, not backend identity

6. The home of policy: ctx.sandboxPolicy

@deepseek-ai/dsh-sandbox-policy is the sole owner of policy resolution: the deployment default SandboxMode + fallback workspace root, plus per-session persistent mode overrides and an immutable workspace root. Every execution capability receives the same "mode + root" policy per call; before each request the model receives the current policy, not a separate capability list.

Why a shared home: the fs tool, one-off bash commands, and terminal sessions may enforce the same mode vocabulary under different combinations. If each resolved mode + workspaceRoot on its own, they would drift into a "split world" — precisely what is to be avoided. So every execution backend consumes the owner-resolved whole policy; the current context only describes what that policy means for any operation the DSH file sandbox can perform.

ctx.sandboxPolicy.resolve({ session?, mode? })  // resolves one complete per-call policy
ctx.sandboxPolicy.defaultMode / .workspaceRoot  // deployment default and fallback root
setSandboxMode(session, mode)                   // sole write path for session overrides: appends exactly one sandbox/mode event

Resolution priority: explicitly approved mode > the session's last sandbox/mode event > defaultMode; the session's immutable cwd is normalized through filesystem semantics into workspaceRoot (normalization precedes lexical normalization, so symlink/.. resolves consistently with the process working directory), otherwise it falls back to config. A runtime switch is just one log-only sandbox/mode event, effective = explicit grant ?? fold(events) ?? deployment default; overrides survive restarts via replay, and two sessions never see each other's state.

Mount: base defaults to mounting sandbox-policy (mode: $DSH_PERMISSION_MODE ?? 'workspace-write', workspaceRoot: process.cwd()), with fail-safe default read-only.

7. The filesystem fence: fs-sandbox

@deepseek-ai/dsh-fs-sandbox extends LocalFileSystem and registers as ctx.fs: it verbatim inherits all text-storage mechanics (parsing, stat, read/stream, directory listing, atomic write, read-modify-write edit critical sections) and adds only a per-call MODE fence on writeText/editText. Reads always pass — every mode allows reads.

mode	Fence behavior
read-only	denies all mutations, structured FS_SANDBOX_DENIED
workspace-write	passes only when the target, canonicalized, lands inside the writable roots: the workspace root + platform temp areas (/tmp, os.tmpdir()) — the same set the Seatbelt profile grants, both from the same writableRoots function, so the fs fence and the bash runner never drift
danger-full-access	delegates directly, no fence

The threat model is explicit: this is a policy fence, not a kernel boundary — paths under model control are canonicalize-then-contain inside trusted code; kernel-level isolation of untrusted code remains ctx.shell's job (dsh-bash-sandbox). Residual TOCTOU (an ancestor symlink swapped between the containment check and the syscall) is narrowed by re-canonicalizing immediately before writing. Denials are structured FsError (with the effective mode), not stderr-text inference (unlike bash's kernel denials) — because an in-process fence knows exactly what it denied.

Mount: base defaults to mounting fs-sandbox (replacing fs-local, which together with ctx.sandboxPolicy is the whole swap); the model-facing dsh-tool-fs is untouched, the tool layer resolves the session mode + cwd into the same per-call policy bash receives, and the two families never limit to different roots.

8. Windows' PowerShell executor: pwsh-sandbox

@deepseek-ai/dsh-pwsh-sandbox is a sandbox-consuming PowerShell implementation of the ctx.shell executor seam: every command runs as pwsh -NoLogo -NoProfile -NonInteractive -Command <command>, constrained through ctx.sandbox, and stamps the selected mode, enforcement, and denial facts onto each settled result. It is dsh-bash-sandbox's pwsh twin, mirroring it call for call.

• the constraints are substantively platform-neutral: on Windows the sandbox seam resolves to the ACL restricted-token runner chain, on Linux/macOS to bwrap/Landlock/Seatbelt
• danger-full-access: the command passes through to the local executor as-is, result carries sandbox: { mode, denied: false }
• restricted modes (read-only/workspace-write): the pwsh argv is wrapped by ctx.sandbox.confine(); a denied runner start fails closed into SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE (a foreground throw, a backend runnerFailed fact), and denied writes are classified into sandbox.denied per the selected backend's denialSignatures
• policy is not its config: it is carried in from ctx.sandboxPolicy per call (tool calls pass the calling session's resolved policy, direct calls fall back to the deployment policy)

Mount: the base bundle uses inline platform gating — bash-sandbox / tool-bash carry disabled: !!js process.platform === 'win32', pwsh-sandbox / tool-pwsh carry disabled: !!js process.platform !== 'win32' (there is no separate windows.cordis.patch.yml), and the permission surface stays fully consistent with POSIX. A UTF-8 encoding preamble (ENCODING_PREAMBLE) is prepended to the command so Windows PowerShell 5.1 also emits UTF-8. Known limitations: on Windows reads are unrestricted (the ACL runner limits only writes); enforcement is always partial (the restricted token must retain Everyone, > $null redirection still works).

9. Failure modes (what the model sees)

When the requested mode cannot be enforced, SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE + a precise error is returned:

sandbox mode "<mode>" is requested but no sandbox backend is usable
  on this host; refusing to run the command unconfined.
  Install bubblewrap or run a Landlock-enforcing kernel (Linux),
  ensure sandbox-exec is usable (macOS),
  or ensure the ACL restricted-token runner can start (Windows) —
  otherwise switch the consumer to danger-full-access.

Execution-time runner failures append Runner failure: <detail>. This error text stays visible to that call until compaction hides it.

10. Relationship to permission presets and approval policies

These get confused easily, so the three concepts are spelled out:

Mechanism	What it governs	Where it is chosen
permission preset	one profile = one sandbox mode + one approval policy	permission.defaultPreset in settings or /permission
approval	whether ask / never asks the user	same preset
sandbox	the filesystem boundary when a command actually executes	per call ctx.sandbox.confine

The shipped preset table has three profiles (the base bundle's permission row): read-only (sandbox read-only + approval ask), workspace-write (workspace-write + ask), danger-full-access (danger-full-access + never). Select one in settings:

# ~/.dsh/settings.yaml — selects the "mode profile"
permission:
  defaultPreset: workspace-write

Important: a preset only writes the sandbox/mode + approval events; the execution boundary follows the mode. Under read-only / workspace-write consumers always pass through ctx.sandbox.confine; under danger-full-access bash-sandbox / pwsh-sandbox / fs-sandbox short-circuit, delegating straight to the underlying executor and stamping the result sandbox: { mode, denied: false } — that profile really does give up the filesystem boundary rather than staying wrapped by confine. So choosing a preset is choosing "boundary or not"; SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE is thrown only when a restricted mode has no usable backend.

11. Security boundary and known limitations (an honest list)

The limitations the source README explicitly states, and which you should remember as "what it can't protect me from":

Limitation	Meaning
filesystem effects are the whole vocabulary	no network/process/syscall/device/credential limiting
same world	does not isolate the host (containers/microVMs/remote require replacing the provider)
denial is a stderr dialect	no typed runtime denial channel; consumers must infer from child-process output
runner diagnostics are in-band	exit status + stderr cannot prove which line was written by which process: a constrained child process mimicking the runner can mislead diagnostics (but cannot bypass confinement)
one context, one provider	combining different sandboxes requires a provider-level ladder or a separate context

The conclusion of these limitations: the DSH sandbox is a process-level filesystem-effect boundary, guarding against "don't let the agent accidentally write/change/delete out of bounds", not against "defending against malicious processes or full isolation".

12. Verification

# 1. With no backend, commands are denied rather than run bare (observe the SANDBOX_UNAVAILABLE error path)
dsh web

# 2. Check whether the sandbox is mounted / which provider, and the current preset
dsh web --dump-config | grep -iE "sandbox|permission"

# 3. Inspect mode switches and tool-execution denials in sessions (sandbox denials are stderr dialects; current format version v3)
zstdcat ~/.dsh/sessions/*/*/session.v3.jsonl.zstd | grep -E '"sandbox/mode"' | head
zstdcat ~/.dsh/sessions/*/*/session.v3.jsonl.zstd | grep -iE "EROFS|EACCES|EPERM" | head

Next steps

• Tool Execution: tools declare capability, the sandbox bounds execution (how the two work together)
• Permissions: presets and ask/never
• Agent Presets & Persona: scope composition and security (restrict is visibility, not a permission boundary)